A mnemonic is a general term for a tool or trick that aids information retention. A common example is the Mnemonic Major System, a way of translating numbers into letters and in turn into visual words.
Using this technique, a long string of numbers is much easier to memorize by turning it into a series of visual images. Tony Buzan is a popular writer of books on mnemonic techniques, such as peg lists and mind maps two other good examples. Rule 8. Use Graphic Deletion Graphic deletion is exactly the same as cloze deletion except it omits portions of images rather than sentences.
Graphic deletion is great for learning things like anatomy and geography. Rule 9. Sometimes, however, sets are unavoidable. If you must have a list of items, at least convert them to enumerations Rule Avoid Enumeration Enumerations are lists that have been ordered.
If you were memorizing this list of rules, ordering them by rule number is still very difficult to memorize, but it is much better than memorizing them in a random order. Listing the countries in the EU alphabetically is an example of an enumeration, as is listing these twenty rules in order of priority.
If you must use enumerations then use overlapping close deletion when possible. Rule Combat Interference When you learn about similar things it is often easy to confuse them. Interference is when knowledge of one item makes it hard to remember another item.
Interference is the single greatest cause of forgetting! So what to do about it? Detect and eliminate. The moment you notice yourself experiencing interference, you must make every effort to change your notes in some way so as to prevent the confusion. Can you make them personal Rule 14? Can you use context cues Rule 16? And so on.
Make your cards as unambiguous as possible, and eliminate interference as soon as you spot it. Optimize Wording Sometimes words can be ambiguous or vague. Also, there are often single words that can sum up an entire phrase or sentence. Optimizing wording means conveying an idea in as few words as necessary, as clearly as possible. Optimized wording helps reduce errors, increase specificity, reduce response time, and improve concentration. This is closely related to Rule 4: Simplify.
Refer to Other Memories Referring to memories helps to create context, simplify wording, and reduce interference. Use Personalized Examples Enhance memories by linking them to personalized examples, which are very resistant to interference.
Rely on Emotional States Strong emotions help with remembering. Vivid and shocking examples are easy to remember. If you illustrate with examples that are vivid or shocking you will be amazed at how much easier things are to remember.
Use Context Cues Context cues are words or images that prime you for a type or answer in a simple way. Context cues simplify wording and put an idea within a category. Use Redundancy Redundancy means presenting the same information in different ways. This is not a waste of time or a contradiction of the Simplify principle. Repeating information in different ways can encourage memorization and internalization.
Provide Sources Except for well-tested and proven knowledge, it is highly recommended that you include sources. Sources help distinguish conflicting information and help judge an idea's reliability or importance.
For example, that bit of wisdom from a friend that you want to internalize? Record whom you got it from, so that you can better differentiate it from other advice you may receive in the future. Use Date Stamping Date stamping means including the date a piece of information was accessed, created, or recorded. This is especially important for information that is volatile—i. Some information is more important than other information.
Some sources are better than others. It rarely makes sense to memorize whole books. Focus on the most important information! One way to implement this rule is to put less important information in parenthesis in your notes. Overview of the Deck List The Decks list contains three main areas: the main menu, the actual deck list, and the bottom menu.
Take a look at the following image to see all the options available to you in the Decks list i. Within the main Decks list window, there are options for each deck listed: 1. The name of the deck. You can see the current Due and New cards. There is an additional options menu. To see how this works, select Rename from the options menu beside one of your decks. Now change the name back to what it was.
The method by which you will organize your decks is completely up to you, but can save you a lot of frustrations and card-moving in the future. Take some time to plan ahead for the types and groups of decks you plan on creating. Really, you can do whatever you want, but here is a sample outline similar to my own to give you an idea of what it can look like.
Every now and then I clean up my sandbox and sort the notes therein into decks I already have, or create new decks to hold them.
Therefore, if you want certain decks to be forced to the top or bottom of the deck list you can start the name of the deck with a special character. For example. Some other special characters you can use, in the order they will be sorted from top to bottom :! To keep your regular decks together, consistently start them with either capitols or lowercase letters. Also note that accented characters are always pushed to the end something that will hopefully change in the future. The easiest way to do this is from the Deck List page where you can click on the Create Deck button at the bottom of the screen.
Then, open up the new deck by clicking on it in the Decks List page. At the top of the screen hit the Add button to open the Note Editor. This is where most of the magic happens! From the Note Editor you have full power to control what note type to use, what deck to create this note for, what note fields to use, what card layouts to use, and what information to contain. Selecting the Note Type Starting from the top-left corner we have the current note type set to Basic in the above screen shot.
Clicking on this pulls up a list of all available note types in your entire collection. The two defaults, Basic and Cloze, will be listed, along with any other created note types.
This window also gives you the ability to manage your note types. When creating new note types I recommend keeping the names as generic as possible so that they may be reused for other decks in other situations. Depending on how you got to the Note Editor, you might need to change this to the deck you want to add notes to.
Just as with note types, clicking on the current deck will display all of the decks currently in your collection and give you the ability to add a new deck.
You also have the ability to reorder how the fields will be displayed in the Note Editor. Note again that this only affects how the information will be displayed when creating the notes, but not when studying them. Now when we return to the Note Editor there are four fields displayed for editing: Notice that the text for Source and Timestamp are smaller than the others. When creating these two fields I intentionally set the Editing Font size for both to be smaller.
There are also a few other features that require some explanation. Anki implements all of this formatting using simple HTML. To use this feature you must using a Cloze note type or else Anki gives a warning.
There are a few things to note about using the Cloze deletion option in Anki. Use cloze note types. To use cloze deletion, you must be using a cloze note type, such as the aptly named Cloze note type that comes with Anki. If you try creating a cloze deletion while, say, using the Basic note type, Anki will produce a warning.
Anki will now automatically create four cards; the first one looking like this: Front: The [ Take advantage of hints. This will produce four cards, the second of which will look like this: Front: The Three Stooges are [name], Larry, and Curly.
Overlapping cloze deletions do not work. If you try to put a cloze within a cloze it will not work. Tags Lastly, the Note Editor gives you the ability to add tags to every note created in Anki. Tags are useful for categorizing and organizing your notes across decks and within a deck. This enables you to study cards made with a specific tag—maybe you only need to brush up on your organic chemistry? If you want to study a specific chapter then you could just study that sub-deck.
The Basic note type sorts by the Front field, and for many situations this might make sense. Yes, fields are useful, but if you add twenty fields your note will start getting difficult and cumbersome. Card templates define how the information is to be presented on the front and back of study cards. Previous chapters have introduced the idea of card templates, but this chapter goes into a whole lot more details about what you can do and how with your card templates.
Anki has many powerful features and options for card templates, giving you a whole range of customization and flexibility. If you're perfectly fine with plain white and black cards with a simple front and back, you can probably skip this chapter. Every card template has a front and back—a question and an answer. Note fields can be placed anywhere on the front or back of a card, and any text on a card can be styled in various ways.
Styling and layouts are shared by all cards using this note type—that means all cards, not just the ones in this deck! So be warned: this means that if you change the Basic note type's card templates, they will be changed for every Basic note in your entire collection! Front Template — The template definition for the front of the card. Back Template — The template definition for the back of the card. Styling — Where all the magic happens to make it look pretty.
To include a field anywhere on the front or back of a card template, simply surround the field name with double curly brackets. This is the simple template used in the example at the beginning of this chapter, as well as the cards made at the start of this guide. This is replaced with a complete copy of whatever is in the front card template. Note that this cannot be used inside the front template, only in the back template.
A special case: Cloze deletion Most cards and styling use your basic fields that contain text. Cloze fields are a very special kind of field, treated differently by Anki, because of their specific requirements. Cloze deletion, as you hopefully recall, is when certain portions of text are omitted, and you are asked to recall that omitted text.
For example, the Cloze note type that comes with Anki has two fields—Text and Extra—which could look like this: This will produce three cards with each of the names blanked out in turn.
The card template accomplishes this by using special cloze fields. HTML gives you the ability to create lists, tables, horizontal rules, links, and more. It also enables basic formatting, such as bold, italics, and underline. This is one line. This is a new line. Anki will only break to a new line if you use this command in your templates; otherwise everything stays on the same line.
Font, text styling, and layouts can all be styled using CSS. Keep in mind that all styling created for a card is shared by both the front and the back side of that card. Note: if the font name has spaces in it, it must be surrounded in double quotes. You can also add your own styles, such as. Creating Multiple Cards Along the top of the Card Editor is a list of all the available cards for this note type.
Remember that multiple cards templates can be created for a single note type, causing multiple study cards to be generated from each note. Click the Add button to create a new card type. By default, Anki duplicates the last card to create a new one. Now, for every note created, there will be two cards generated! This isn't so useful for the simple Basic note type, but when you get into more advanced note types and layouts, the power of this becomes more apparent.
Keep these names generic because you may want to use them for something else in the future. For example, if I created a note with the following: Front: The Egyptian dog Abuwtiyuw is also known as what? By default, Anki shrinks larger images to fit on the screen. That is, an image will never display larger than the screen, even if the image is in fact larger. How to Study Studying — the general term I'm using to mean learning, reviewing, studying, etc.
In the Decks window, simply click on the deck you want to study. That deck, and all sub- decks, will be selected. This takes you to a "summary" page showing you all the current New, Learning, and To Review cards. Hit Study Now and you're rolling! Anki presents you with the fronts of your cards. Hitting Show Answer or pressing spacebar immediately displays the back.
At this point you grade your response—how difficult it was to recall this specific answer—which Anki uses to determine when to ask you again. Grading — When you judge how difficult it was for your to recall a specific answer.
Easy, Good, Hard, and Again. It's that easy! In the learning stage, the grading options are based on the steps set up for this deck. Steps — the duration and number of reviews required before a card transitions from the learning stage to the review stage By default Anki uses two steps of one minute and ten minutes. For example, imagine I created a brand new card. On the very first review, the card is in the learning stage and step one and after displaying the answer the grading options are: 1.
Easy 4d. If I get it right again in ten minutes, I've completed all the steps, so the card transitions to the reviewing stage. Grading in the Reviewing Stage Once in the reviewing stage, Anki increases the interval between each review after every successful review. Intervals — the time between reviews of a single card, measured in days. Different gradings will result in different intervals between now and the next time this card is displayed.
If I keep selecting "Good" every time I review a specific card, the intervals will constantly grow by about 2. Based on which difficulty grading you give when answering a question, Anki will schedule the next review accordingly.
Scheduling — When Anki sets the interval between now and the next time this card will be displayed. In Anki terminology, this is called a lapse. Lapsing — when you forget a card that you've already learned i. A lapse causes a card to move from the reviewing stage back to the learning stage You will then have to study it several times to get through all the learning steps, until it become a review card again.
Some cards may be too difficult or poorly made, such as by causing too much interference. Whatever the case, if a specific card lapses eight times, Anki marks it as a leech. Leeches — cards that you keep learning, and then forgetting lapsing. Anki suspends leeches so they are no longer scheduled for review. Scheduling Siblings One other things to note is that Anki tries to prevent sibling cards from appearing next to each other during reviews. Limiting New and Review Cards Anki limits both the number of new cards and the number of review cards that can be viewed each day.
These limits are defined in the study options for each deck. For optimum memory, consider increasing the daily limit in the options. You can increase the limit in the options, but please bear in mind that the more new cards you introduce, the higher your short-term review workload will become.
Say you have a deck called Books and a bunch of sub-decks for various books. So, if you do 90 reviews on the first book, Anki would only let you do 10 reviews on the second book, and then warn you that the daily review limit has been reached. Heed Anki's warnings! But, if you must study more there are two ways to do so. The first is to increase the daily limit for a deck, and the other is to create a Custom Study deck. Both of which are explained in the next chapter. Study Note Options While studying a specific card there are a bunch of useful study card options that you should get familiar with.
As soon as you restart Anki, it will appear again as normal. Use these options and take the time to remember their keyboard shortcuts to improve the flow of your Anki studying.
Periodically, in the card browser, review all of the leeches in your collection and process them one by one. Think about why this is a leech. Was it labeled as such by mistake? Does it break one of the 20 rules? Then decide to either: 1. Edit: fix it and restore it; 2.
Delay: save it for later by suspending it and removing the leech tag; or 3. Delete: get rid of it! Don't be shy, use those marks whenever a card strikes you as having a problem, needing an update, or anything else. Keyboard shortcuts make the entire studying process super fast and easy. In the learning stage, grade your answer as Again, Good, and Easy using 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
In the Reviewing stage, grade your recall as Again, Hard, Good, and Easy using 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. When possible, if you notice a mistake in the current card, just fix it right away.
It's dead simple. An hour of straight Anki can be exhausting. One solution to this problem is to timebox your study sessions: set the Timebox time limit value to the amount of time you want to study before taking a short break. For example, setting it to ten minutes will cause Anki to display a small message telling you how many cards you've studied in the past ten minutes.
If the learning steps in a deck are one and ten minutes, Anki will wait ten minutes after the first successful review to show it again. However, if there are no cards left to study, Anki will just show it right away. By default, if a card is scheduled in the next 20 minutes, Anki will just display it right away if there's nothing else.
In Anki Preferences window you can change this by setting the Learn Ahead Limit box to any value you want. If you set a value of zero Anki will always wait the full delay until asking you to review a card again.
By default, Anki treats a new day as starting at 4am. You can change this by setting the Next day starts at box to whatever new value you want.
You can change when new cards are displayed during a study session. There are three options in a drop-down box: mix new cards and reviews the default , show new cards before reviews, and show new cards after reviews. You may want to skip past it if you're just getting started, but be sure to come back and take a look later on if you do. In the previous chapter I mentioned that Anki limits the total number of new and review cards per day. Maybe you have some time to kill, or maybe you want to review again because your test is tomorrow morning?
Any studying, outside of the regularly schedule, is done by creating a Custom Study deck. To do this, open the deck you want to study and hit the Custom Study button at the bottom. There are various types of custom studies, which are fairly self-explanatory: Doing a custom study session will create a temporary Custom Study deck, containing all of the filtered cards, and automatically open it to begin studying.
Deleting this new deck will return everything to its rightful place. Once a filtered deck has been reviewed or deleted, all its cards return to their normal places—what's called their home deck—leaving the filtered deck empty. This search uses the standard Deck Browser searching options, discussed in more detail in Getting Familiar with the Card Browser.
If this is not checked, then your reviewing will not influence the regular scheduling of the cards that will be pulled into this filtered deck. If it is checked, these cards will be treated as they normally would.
You can optionally set custom steps to be used during the learning stage of a card explained in the next section. It's simple: 1. Limit the search to 20 results, with cards selected by "Most lapses. Disable both checkboxes. Hit Build. There are many possible uses with filtered decks. Delving into the Study Options Every deck has a collection of study options that define things like how many new cards to show per day, what the maximum interval between reviews can be, and when to mark a difficult card as a leech and suspend it.
Open the study options for a deck by selecting Options from the menu next to each deck in the Decks list page: Study Options Groups Each deck is assigned an options group.
Different decks can be assigned to different study groups, as needed. From the options menu next to the Options group dropdown, you can Add a new study options group, Delete the current group, and Rename the current group. If you make a new study group for a parent deck and want all its sub-decks to use that options group as well, you can use the Set for all sub decks option in this list.
The following images show the settings for the Default study options group. Most of the options are pretty self- explanatory, so give them a look-over to see what kind of control you have over how Anki behaves while studying. New Cards The new cards tab lets you control how new, unlearned cards are to be treated. The Easy Bonus is an additional multiplier on top of the standard 2. Lapses The lapses tab lets you control what happens when you lapse during a review when you fail to recall a card that is in the reviewing stage.
The main setting to discuss is New interval. This allows you to define what the new reviewing interval will be, relative to the current interval before forgetting this card. General The General tab contains a few general options that are all pretty self-explanatory.
Description This final panel lets you enter a description to show for the current deck. In general, you may find that this is all you need. Anki Studying Statistics Anki provides a variety of statistics about the state of your studying and learning. This displays all of the available stats for the current deck. Hoja de Calculo de Camara de Bombeo.
Landrover Cat PDF. Motor Accident Insurance Act Cell and Developmental Biology of Arabinogalactan-Proteins. Light conversion materials for solar cells by atomic layer deposition. Thanks for visiting. Happy reading! Alex Vermeer. Click here to download Anki Essentials Mastering Anki takes time and effort. Dominate your schoolwork and classes.
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